Annotated Bibliography
In this page, it included three sections, review of the literature, definition of the problem, advocating solutions. Each section had three source annotations. My research topic is about elephants. I found three researches and reviewed them, described the problem of the extinction of elephants, and advocated people using social media to call on everyone to protect elephants.
Solutions to the Problem
Stopping wildlife poaching, trafficking and demand
“Stopping wildlife poaching, trafficking and demand.” IFAW - International Fund for Animal Welfare, www.ifaw.org/united-states/our-work/conservation/stopping-wildlife-poaching-trafficking-and-demand.
IFAW was founded in 1969 in Canada and in 1981 the UK. Their mission is to save and protect the animals all over the world. Their work is through stopping poaching, stopping traffickers and stopping the demand for wildlife products in order to solve illegal trade.
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Conservation Heroes Versus Environmental Villains: Perceiving Elephants in Caprivi, Namibia
Moore, Lorraine Elizabeth. "Conservation Heroes Versus Environmental Villains: Perceiving Elephants in Caprivi, Namibia." Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 38, no. 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 19-29. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s10745-009-9290-x.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZwDI_FFU2ShPkDsPkY9ItTKOsUplzGpj/view?usp=sharing
Moore, Lorraine who Elizabeth Affiliated department of Politics, Manchester University wrote "Conservation Heroes Versus Environmental Villains: Perceiving Elephants in Caprivi, Namibia". This article is talking about the impacts of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES) ivory trade ban on Namibia’s elephant conservation policy.
The Mara Elephant Project.
“The Mara Elephant Project.” Save the Elephants, www.savetheelephants.org/project/the-mara-elephant-project/.
Save the elephants (STE) was founded in 1993 by Iain Douglas-Hamilton. Their mission is protecting the future of the elephant. The Mara Elephant Project (MEP) "understand and protect the elephants of Mara - Serengeti ecosystem." This project was founded in 2011 by Save the Elephants with Richard Roberts and Susan Fehsenfeld. Their works are daily patrol, tracking the elephant, and intercept the poachers.
Definition of the Problem
Turkalo, Andrea K., et al. "Slow Intrinsic Growth Rate in Forest Elephants Indicates Recovery from Poaching Will Require Decades." Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 54, no. 1, Feb. 2017, pp. 153-159. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12764.
Andrea K. Turkalo, works for the Wildlife Conservation Society,
Peter H. Wrege, participates in The Elephant Listening Project, and George Wittemyer, the doctor at Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology at Colorado State University, wrote “Slow intrinsic growth rate in forest elephants indicates recovery from poaching will require decades.”
Illegal killing causes the elephant population decline. The population of forest elephants grow slowly. The human killing and ivory trade caused the population issue. Stop poaching and ivory trade are the important measures that protecting the elephant population.
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Ngouhouo Poufoun, Jonas, et al. "The Value of Endangered Forest Elephants to Local Communities in a Transboundary Conservation Landscape." Ecological Economics, vol. 126, June 2016, pp. 70-86. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.004.
Jonas Ngouhouo Poufoun, Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, Jens Abildtrup, works for French national institute for Agricultural Research, Sonwa Denis Jean, works for Center for International Forestry Research, Delacote Philippe, works for French national institute for Agricultural Research, wrote “The value of endangered forest elephants to local communities in a transboundary conservation landscape.” Human and elephant exist some conflicts. Elephants can destroy human crops and human will kill elephants in order to protect their crops. To avoid this conflict, the human need to find a habitat for the elephant. In this article, the authors found that local residents are willing to pay some money in order to prevent the extinction of forest elephants. Local residents provide funds to protect their crops and elephants. Elephants can be protected and taken care of. This method is beneficial to both humans and elephants.
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“Elephant abuse in Nepal: Are the mahouts really to blame?” Elephant Aid International, 8 Nov. 2016, elephantaidinternational.org/elephant-abuse-in-nepal-are-the-mahouts-really-to-blame/.
The founder, president and CEO of Elephant Aid International is Carol Buckley who setting new standard of take care of elephants in captivity. “Elephant abuse in Nepal: Are the mahouts really to blame?” shows that the elephant in the tourist area were training hard and overwork. The mahouts did not take perfect care of elephants. The insanitary living environment caused the sad condition of elephants' body.
Review of the Scientific Literature
In this page, I will present the most important sources that I might use to my research of elephants.
Three important sources
Nandini, S., Keerthipriya P, Vidya TNC*. "Seasonal Variation in Female Asian Elephant Social Structure in Nagarahole-Bandipur, Southern India." Animal Behaviour, vol. 134, Dec. 2017, pp. 135-145. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.10.012.
The authors of this article are S. Nandini, P. Keerthipriya, and T.N.C. Vidya, the researches at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, wrote “Seasonal variation in female Asian elephant social structure in Nagarahole-Bandipur, southern India” for studying elephants’ social behavior. This article published by Elsevier Ltd received 14 February 2017, revised 10 April 2017, accepted 8 August 2017, available online 14 November 2017. This article is talking about the research that shows the seasonality variation in group size and social organization of female Asian elephant. In this article, the authors give many data show their result of research.
Mabeluanga, Tracy, et al. "Influence of Elephant-Human Interactions on Agrarian Communities in the Bengaluru-Bannerghatta Landscape – a Perspective Survey." Gajah, no. 45, July 2016, pp. 28-32. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=121460264&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
Mabeluanga Tracy, A. V. Dilip Kumar, Gayathri Aaranya,and Krishnan Avinash wrote "Infuence of Elephant-Human Interactions on Agrarian Communities in the Bengaluru-Bannerghatta Landscape – A Perspective Survey". Dilip Kumar A. V., Aaranya Gayathri, and Avinnash Krishnan are the researcher at A Rocha India, Aaranya Gayathri. Tracy Mabeluanga, researcher at Department of Biology. This article talks about a survey that asking what human think about the perceptions between human and elephant. The attitudes of human think about elephant are very important for elephant. In my HCP, I will talk about the relationship between human and elephant so this survey is important for me.
Plotnik, Joshua M., et al. "Self-Recognition in an Asian Elephant." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 103, no. 45, 07 Nov. 2006, pp. 17053-17057. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103.
Plotnik, Joshua M., researcher at the Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation in Thailand, de Waal, Frans B. M., researcher at the Yerkes Primate Center, and Reiss, Diana, a professor of psychology at Hunter College, wrote “Self-recognition in an Asian elephant.” In this article, the authors observe three Asian elephants’ responses that when they are exposed in front of a large mirror. The animal that having mirror self-recognition (MSR) will have four stages which including social responses, physical inspection, repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and realization of seeing themselves. The authors’ research proves that elephants, dolphins and apes possess mirror self-recognition.